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    • Gender transformative policy and cultural reforms are also

    2019-04-16

    Gender transformative policy and cultural reforms are also crucial to change prevailing norms and customs that devalue women and girls. Implementation and enforcement of non-discriminatory policies and practices that require gender equity in inheritance, property rights, education, and civil liberties, and that otherwise reduce women\'s social and economic reliance on men, are imperative. The 2010 launch of indicates a building worldwide momentum to ensure that these goals become reality. Without such reforms, successful and sustained modification of the individual, family, and community norms that enable gender-based violence perpetration is unlikely. With one in three women affected by gender-based violence, support services remain essential and should not be supplanted by prevention of perpetration. Instead, national and international gender-based violence responses should be simultaneously committed to perpetration prevention and accountability, and to survivor support. Moreover, findings of heterogeneity of patterns and predictors of gender-based violence across settings support the need for local tailoring in collaboration with community practitioners and stakeholders. Without effective reduction of male gender-based violence perpetration, women\'s health, wellbeing, and safety will continue to suffer worldwide. The findings from this multi-country study provide local, national, and international policymakers with the evidence purchase (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate and mandate to create meaningful and sustainable reforms. The challenge now is to turn evidence into action, to create a safer future for the next generation of women and girls.
    India has made steady progress in reducing deaths in children younger than 5 years, with total deaths declining from 2·5 million in 2001 to 1·5 million in 2012. Achievement of the 2015 Millennium Development Goal for under-5 mortality (MDG4) for India—38 deaths or fewer in children younger than 5 years per 1000 live births —is important for the country\'s children and for reaching global targets.
    In 2009 the Chinese Government embarked on the most comprehensive health-sector reform since the economic reform of the 1970s, with a systematic plan to achieve universal health care by 2020. One of the key pillars of the reform is the establishment and implementation of a national essential medicines policy to ensure the safety, quality, supply, and affordability of medicines. In this issue of , Yu Fang and colleagues report the effect of the reform on access to affordable essential medicines in Shaanxi Province in western China.
    Between 1990 and 2010, maternal mortality decreased globally by nearly 50%, from 543 000 maternal deaths per year to 287 000, with the greatest reductions in the second half of this period. A major catalyst for this progress was the target set by Millennium Development Goal 5: reduction of the maternal mortality ratio by 75% between 1990 and 2015. Later, a second target on reproductive health was added, which has undoubtedly contributed to accelerated progress. In tandem, countries and the international community enhanced their commitment to support, develop, and implement effective interventions to improve the health of women, especially during pregnancy and childbirth, and post-partum. As 2015 approaches, attention turns to what has been achieved—and what lies ahead for the global development goals, including those for maternal and child health. In 2012, encouraged by the substantial reduction in mortality for children younger than 5 years, the global community (spearheaded by the governments of Ethiopia, India, and the USA, in collaboration with UNICEF, WHO, and other partners) put forward a vision of ending preventable child deaths. As a benchmark of this vision, a target for post-2015 was proposed. The target that “all countries should achieve a national under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) of below 20 deaths per 1000 live births by 2035, and the global average U5MR should decline to 15 deaths per 1000 in 2035” was ambitious but achievable, according to analyses and modelling of the potential effect of interventions to reduce child mortality.